commercial vaccines against clinical disease induced by equine herpesvirus-1

were vaccinated systematically against Equine Herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) and representative groups thereof were serologically controlled for their antibody responses. In part, vaccination intervals recommended on packing slips were followed, in part other intervals, implicated by intermediary results, were used.  Order now  proved ineffective if humoral antibodies were present. An oil-adjuvanted vaccine proved of highest antiviral immunogenicity, but after repeated revaccinations caused severe local reactions so frequently that we had to discontinue its use in adults. Fetal calf serum originating from the cell cultures used for viral propagation and not eliminated from the marketed product, was accused of being responsible for the incompatibilities. An inactivated mixed virus vaccine was of weak antigenicity regarding its EHV-1 component (whereas good regarding the influenza viruses) so that it proved unsatisfactory for primary immunization.

It was, however, potent enough, and clinically well tolerated, to maintain suitable antibody levels in horses which had been initially primed by the oil-adjuvanted vaccine. Consequently, optimal humoral immunity as well as clinical acceptability resulted when two different vaccines were used, one for induction, the other for maintenance of protection. Vaccination intervals different from those on the packing slips are recommended 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1991.tb00892.

x.A-variant vaccine, produced over 7 mg/ml serum of 19S IgM antibody to the group-specific carbohydrate. The light chains of this specific antibody from one shark were separated into multiple bands by disc electrophoresis. The light chains from the other antibody-producing animal were much less heterogeneous and hen egg lysozyme were compared with doses of soluble protein (without adjuvant) that induced similar IgG responses. The route of immunization influenced the magnitude of the antibody (Ab) response in that intradermal (i.d.) injection elicited higher IgG Ab levels than i.

m. injection in both DNA- and protein-immunized mice. Although total IgG levels were similar to soluble protein controls, the avidity of the anti-OVA Abs generated by DNA immunization were 100- and 1,000-fold higher via the i.m. or i.d. route, respectively.

However, despite the generation of high-avidity Ab in DNA-immunized mice, germinal centers could not be detected in either DNA- or protein-immunized mice. Examination of the IgG subclass response showed that IgG2a was induced by i.m. DNA immunization, coinciding with elevated interferon gamma production, whereas a dominant and elevated IgG1 response, coinciding with detectable interleukin 4 production, was generated after i.d. immunization with DNA or soluble OVA and hen egg lysozyme but not human Ig protein. As expected,  aloe emodin solubility  (CTL) responses could be detected only after DNA immunization.

I.d. immunization produced the strongest CTL responses early (2 weeks) but was similar to i.m. later. Therefore, DNA immunization can differ from protein immunization by its ability to induce rapid CTL responses and higher avidity Ab, both of which are advantageous for dubliniensis mannan immunogenic conjugate.generated by Candida dubliniensis mannan-human serum albumin (HSA) conjugate, a novel proposed immunogenic structure for subcellular vaccine, were evaluated in rabbits.

Mannan-HSA conjugate-induced specific IgG and IgA increased significantly after boosters (IgG: P<0.001 and IgA: P<0.01). Mannan-HSA conjugate up-regulation of cell-surface expression of B-lymphocyte and granulocyte activation antigens CD25 and CD11b indicated the effective activation. Immunogenic effect of conjugate on T lymphocytes was demonstrated via inductive increase of CD4+ T lymphocyte subset and CD4+/CD8+ ratio and via induction of T(H)1 cytokines. Immunogenic effectiveness of mannan-HSA conjugate at a dose of 0.25 mg of mannan antigenic moiety overcame that of the mannan alone and of yeast whole cells, thus promising further application in Candida vaccine development.

determine the seroprevalence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) measles antibodies in vaccinated individuals, to explore the waning kinetics of measles antibody among children after receipt of a measles-containing vaccine, and to define high-risk groups in the population.